Temporary alliances or partnerships between different groups, parties, or nations working toward a common goal.
From Latin coalitio, from coalescere 'to grow together,' from co- 'together' + alescere 'to grow up.' The political sense developed in the 18th century during the era of European alliance politics.
Coalitions are political ecosystems in miniature - different species (parties or groups) temporarily cooperate for mutual benefit, much like cleaner fish and sharks. The art lies in balancing competing interests while maintaining enough unity to achieve shared objectives.
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