A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system.
From Greek 'neuron' (nerve) and 'logos' (study), combined with the suffix '-ist' (one who practices). The word emerged in the 19th century as the nervous system became better understood through microscopy and anatomy.
Neurologists study the organ (the brain) that is literally studying them—it's the only medical specialty where the subject and the observer are made of the same thing, creating a fascinating recursive puzzle about consciousness.
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